Pathologic Reflexes
Pathologic Reflexes Pathologic reflexes are responses not generally found in the normal individual. Some are responses that are minimally present and elicited with difficulty in normals but become prominent and…
The Deep Tendon or Muscle Stretch Reflexes
The Deep Tendon or Muscle Stretch Reflexes When a normal muscle is passively stretched, its fibers resist the stretch by contracting. Reflexes elicited by application of a stretch stimulus to…
The Superficial (Cutaneous) Reflexes
The Superficial (Cutaneous) Reflexes Superficial reflexes are responses to stimulation of either the skin or mucous membrane. Cutaneous reflexes are elicited by a superficial skin stimulus, such as a light…
Introduction to the Reflexes
Introduction to the Reflexes The reflex examination is important for several reasons. Reflex changes may be the earliest and most subtle indication of a disturbance in neurologic function. The testing…
Sensory Localization
Sensory Localization Diminution or loss of sensation may occur because of lesions involving the peripheral nerves, nerve roots, spinal cord, brainstem, or higher centers of the brain, as may abnormal…
Motor Strength and Power
Motor Strength and Power Motor strength and power indicate the capacity of muscles to exert force and expend energy. Decreased strength is weakness, or paresis; absence of muscle contraction is…
Cerebral Sensory Functions
Cerebral Sensory Functions Cerebral sensory functions are those which involve the primary sensory areas of the cortex to perceive the stimulus, and the sensory association areas to interpret the meaning…
The Proprioceptive Sensations
The Proprioceptive Sensations The proprioceptive sensations arise from the deeper tissues of the body, principally from the muscles, ligaments, bones, tendons, and joints. Proprioception has both a conscious and an…
The Exteroceptive Sensations
The Exteroceptive Sensations Exteroceptive sensations originate in peripheral receptors in response to external stimuli and changes in the environment. There are four main types of general somatic sensation: pain, thermal…
Overview of the Sensory Examination
Overview of the Sensory Examination The sensory system places the individual in relationship to the environment. Every sensation depends on impulses that arise by stimulation of receptors, or end-organs. These…
