Abstract Colonic electrical stimulation (CES) is expected to be a valuable alternative to drug therapy and surgical procedures for the treatment of constipation. During the past two decades, CES has…

Abstract When an individual loses a limb, they lose touch with the world and people around them. Somatosensation is critical to the feeling of connection and control of one’s own…

Abstract While restoration of inspiratory muscle function to restore breathing in ventilator-dependent spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects is an important clinical modality, restoration of expiratory muscle function may be even…

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is generated by a collapse of the soft tissue and tongue in the oropharynx that can block the airway passages during sleep and affects nearly…

Abstract Asthma is a debilitating and life-threatening disorder resulting in 2 million emergency room visits each year and 500,000 hospital admissions. Asthma is characterized, in part, by smooth muscle contraction,…

Abstract In communication between the central nervous system (CNS), autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the enteric nervous system (ENS), sensory afferent fibers relay information pertaining to varying conditions, while efferent…

Abstract In the United States alone, between 20% and 45% of population will suffer from chronic visceral pain during their lifetime. Fewer than 50%–70% of the patients will have a…

Abstract Central sleep apnea (CSA) is highly prevalent, especially in patients with cardiovascular and neurological disorders. It has important detrimental effects on sleep quality and oxygenation, resulting in daytime sleepiness…

Abstract Upper airway neurostimulation of the hypoglossal nerve (Cranial Nerve XII) is a newly available therapy for a select group of patients suffering from moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea…