Abstract Morphine and other alkaloids were initially isolated in the 1850s, and their application to ameliorate pain by hypodermic delivery began shortly thereafter. The development of conduction anesthesia by delivery…
Abstract Neuromodulation can be performed by electrical stimulation or by drug delivery to modulate the neural response. Intrathecal drug delivery allows for continuous and targeted delivery of medications to the…
Abstract Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) has matured significantly over the past 40 years in terms of a better understanding of the indications for its use and implant techniques necessary for…
Abstract Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNfS) is a new and exciting area of neurostimulation. It belongs to the general category of electrical stimulation of the peripheral nervous system. However, instead…
Abstract Moderate to severe postoperative pain is frequently experienced following surgery. Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is an alternative method of pain control involving the insertion of an electrical lead…
Abstract Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been used to treat pain successfully in many types of patients for over 5 decades. Since the 1960s multiple studies have demonstrated the potential…
Abstract Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been developed as a treatment option for various chronic complex pain conditions. However, over the decades of its clinical use it has become apparent…
Abstract Facial pain is one of the most common pain syndromes encountered in adult patients. It is difficult to treat because pharmacological therapies are not always effective, presenting a significant…
Abstract Two factors determine the outcome of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), namely the anatomy of the peripheral nerve and its physiologic response. The morphology of peripheral nerves described in this…
Abstract The most cost-effective treatment of chronic pain provides clinical advantages when compared with competing therapies and/or reduces the consumption of healthcare resources sufficiently to recapture its cost in a…
