Abstract As a result of advances in technology and technique, and in response to unacceptable, tragic, and widely publicized violations of proper compounding procedure and practice, clear standards and requirements…
Abstract Intrathecal delivery of opiates directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the oldest technique for the delivery of anesthetics to the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the long empirical…
Abstract Intractable cancer pain continues to be a difficult problem for pain management specialists. With current oral analgesics many patients have side-effects that limit their quality of life. Interventional treatments,…
Abstract The application of neurostimulation to the management of chronic pain syndromes remains a significant challenge for chronic pain specialists. The origins of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for intractable pain…
Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has long been established as a safe and effective treatment for the management of advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). Due to the success of DBS in…
Abstract Intrathecal baclofen therapy (IBT) is a potent method to manage spastic hypertonia and related features of the upper motor neuron syndrome. IBT infusion exerts its therapeutic effect by delivering…
Abstract Intrathecal drug delivery has been a valuable treatment for severe refractory pain conditions. However, despite the growing evidence about and success of implanted drug delivery, limitations such as variations…
Abstract Intrathecal (IT) drug delivery technology has become one of the key arsenals in treating both nonmalignant and malignant chronic pain. However, only three compounds have been officially approved for…
Abstract Intrathecal therapy is a vital component in the treatment of moderate to severe refractory cancer or noncancer pain. From humble beginnings, the knowledge and clinical experience regarding engagement with…
Abstract Morphine and other alkaloids were initially isolated in the 1850s, and their application to ameliorate pain by hypodermic delivery began shortly thereafter. The development of conduction anesthesia by delivery…
