Abstract Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to be a safe and efficacious treatment for chronic pain of various etiologies. A recent technological development, in the form of 10…

Abstract The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is a novel neuromodulation target. In the 5 years since the introduction of a DRG stimulation system, international evidence has demonstrated its clinical effectiveness,…

Abstract Burst stimulation and high-frequency stimulation have recently caused a shift in focus of neuromodulation research from better targeting efforts to better communication with the nervous system. The inception of…

Abstract Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a proven therapy for complex regional pain syndrome, failed back surgery syndrome, and other diseases. Although SCS is found to be cost effective, complications…

Abstract Conventional or traditional spinal cord stimulation (SCS) (paresthesia forming, nonkilohertz frequency or burst, and paresthesia-free SCS) is used for peripheral neuropathic pain of multiple indications, such as failed back…

Abstract Although the most common application of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been the treatment of persistent pain following low back surgery, pain in the low back proper has proven…

Abstract Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) has specific diagnostic criteria which set it apart from many pain syndromes. Thus CRPS patients can be studied to evaluate the efficacy of various…

Abstract Physical pain is a leading cause of healthcare spending, work-related disability, and morbidity in the United States. The development of advanced functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques such as…

Abstract With the “gate theory” of pain as its theoretical foundation, the first spinal cord stimulation (SCS) implant was performed 50 years ago. The earliest electrodes required a laminotomy for…