Physiology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain
Abstract Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. The experience of pain serves as one…
NEUROLOGY
Management Strategies for Chronic Pain
Abstract The management of chronic pain is a clinically complex and challenging task for practitioners. A strategy for chronic pain management begins with a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of…
Neuroprosthetic Surgical Strategies for Neuromuscular Stimulation
Abstract The provision of well-engineered, well-implanted neuroprostheses represents a major advance in the acceptability, safety, and durability of electronic controllers for paralyzed persons. Well-thought-out strategies and progressive understanding of the…
Surgical Technique: Intrathecal Medication Delivery System Implantation
Abstract Intrathecal (IT) infusion plays an important role in the treatment of medically intractable pain and spasticity. Moreover, it potentially may serve as the delivery route for future treatments for…
Surgical Placement of Leads for Occipital Nerve Stimulation
Abstract Occipital electrode placement into the subcutaneous tissues, innervated by and adjacent to the greater, lesser, and/or third occipital nerves from the C2-3 nerve roots for intractable occipital headache syndromes,…
Deep Brain Stimulation: Surgical Technique
Abstract Traditionally, deep brain stimulation has been performed by using frame-based stereotaxy in an awake patient. Frame-based stereotaxy has been the technique of choice due to its perceived superior accuracy…
The Use of New Surgical Technologies for Deep Brain Stimulation
Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of subcortical nodes improves the motor function in Parkinson disease, dystonia and tremor, and behavioral symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. This resetting of dysfunctional brain networks…
Spinal Cord Stimulation: Placement of Surgical Leads via Laminotomy: Techniques and Benefits
Abstract Spinal cord stimulation provides a nondestructive and adjustable method of pain relief for several neuropathic pain syndromes, including failed back surgery syndrome and complex regional pain syndrome. Optimizing pain…
Neuromodulation Using Optogenetics and Related Technologies
Abstract Optogenetics is defined as the use of light-based technologies that are genetically targeted to certain cellular groups or proteins. In practice, optogenetics most often refers to the use of…
Subcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain
Abstract Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) has become known as a safe, effective, and reversible alternative for pain management for many refractory pain conditions, including chronic low back pain (CLBP)….
