Fig. 30.1 (a) Preoperative sagittal MRI showing L4–5 spondylolisthesis with stenosis at L3–4, L4–5. (b) Preoperative axial MRI of L3–4 level. Note the lateral recess and foraminal stenosis on the…

Fig. 1.1 Comparison of cage contact area for PLIF, LLIF, and TLIF (Left to right) In an attempt to minimize tissue trauma and improve biomechanical support, an anterolateral retroperitoneal approach…

Fig. 28.1 Early cage subsidence (ECS) described by Malham et al. [9] Fig. 28.2 Three types of subsidence (Adapted from Malham et al. [9]) 28.3 Rates The rate of subsidence…

Fig. 12.1 (a) Pain drawing of a patient with thigh pain and numbness following a lumbosacral plexus stretch injury with an LLIF surgery; (b) thigh atrophy from an upper lumbar…

Fig. 23.1 (a, b) Preoperative plain film demonstrated a collapsed in L2–3 disc space with a loss of end plate; (c, d) preoperative MRI showed the destruction of L2–3 intervertebral…

Fig. 24.1 (a) Intraoperative fluoroscopic images showing retractor placement at the adjacent level disk; (b) lateral fluoroscopic image showing excellent restoration of interbody height using a lateral cage 24.2 Patient…

Fig. 8.1 Patient in the lateral decubitus position Pillows, blankets, or a gel donut are then placed beneath the patient’s head to support it in a neutral position. The patient’s…

Study Total patients Soft tissue complications Rate Anand et al. [9] 12 4 25 %  4 neurologic deficits Knight et al. [10] 58 9 15.5 %  8 neurologic deficits  1…

Fig. 16.1 (a) Patient placed in a 90o true lateral decubitus position with pre-operative surgical marking of ribs and index level. (b) Fluoroscopic X-Ray image of the vertebrae is obtained…

Fig. 13.1 Dual incisions allowing for dissection of the retroperitoneal space blindly with a finger 13.2 Dual Incisions 13.2.1 Surgical Technique [1] When performing a dual-incision technique, the lateral incision…