Fig. 25.1 Preoperative radiographs. (a) AP, (b) lateral, (c) extension, and (d) flexion Fig. 25.2 Preoperative sagittal MRI Fig. 25.3 Postoperative radiographs. (a) AP, (b) lateral, (c) extension, and (d)…

Fig. 15.1 Artist’s depiction of the positioning of the patient in lateral decubitus, taping, and padding of contact surfaces NB: the chest is only taped after AP flouroscopy Fig. 15.2…

Fig. 14.1 Photograph showing the MaXcess® (NuVasive, Inc.) retractor with detachable handle, table mount, and anterior retractor Fig. 14.2 Intraoperative illustrations showing evoked-EMG stimulation in MaXcess off the posterior (center)…

Fig. 27.1 Pre- and postoperative 3 ft standing scoliosis X-rays demonstrating an adult deformity case with global sagittal imbalance and the application of ACR technique at L3/L4 level Fig. 27.2…

Fig. 31.1 Access through the concavity may have to be planned in regard to which discs are approached first. (a) The spine prior to interbody fusion; (b) accessing the most…

Fig. 19.1 Preoperative lateral x-ray in neutral position of a patient with grade I spondylolisthesis at L4–L5 Fig. 19.2 Preoperative lateral standing scoliosis x-ray of a patient with grade I…

Grafts Ideal graft characteristics Osteoconductive Osteoinductive Osteogenic Autologous bone + + + Allograft bone + +  DMB + +  Ceramics +   BMP   + BMA  + + Platelet gels   + DBM…

Fig. 22.1 Sequential tubular dilation (a), docking of expandable retractor (b), intraoperative AP fluoroscopic image with the docked retractor and Cobb elevator in the disk space (c), intraoperative view of…

Fig. 33.1 Anterior view of the retroperitoneal vascular vessels. The aorta artery runs to the left and divides at the L4–L5 intervertebral disc into the two common iliac arteries. The…

Fig. 26.1 Algorithm for supplemental fixation (Adapted from Malham et al. [5]) 26.3.1 Reduced Bone Density Reduced bone density is the main risk factor for subsidence that may result in…