FIGURE 29.1 A patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis showing advanced atrophy of the muscles of the hands and shoulders. Involvement of nerve roots, plexus elements, or peripheral nerves leads to…

FIGURE 52.1 Opisthotonos in a patient suffering from tetanus; painting by Sir Charles Bell, 1809. Dr. Bell was a noted artist as well as physician. (see Chapter 16.) Stiffness and…

Lesions of the cerebral centers and connections that subserve language function may cause aphasia, an abnormality of language, even though the articulation mechanisms may be intact. Mutism is a total…

Wartenberg’s Sign Active flexion of the terminal phalanges of the four fingers of a paretic hand about a firm object, or against resistance offered by the examiner’s fingers similarly flexed,…

FIGURE 25.1 A lateral view of some of the clinically relevant cortical areas from the Brodmann cytoarchitectonic map. (Modified from Kiernan JA. Barr’s The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint….

FIGURE 26.1 Drawing of the superior surface of an unstained horizontal section of the adult human brain, through the internal capsule, basal ganglia (BG), and thalamus. The internal capsule thrusts…

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FIGURE 20.1 Section through the medulla at the level of the decussation of the medial lemniscus. The hypoglossal fibers gather into two bundles, which perforate the dura mater separately, pass…

FIGURE 32.1 Diagram of the spinal cord and dorsal root showing the peripheral receptors and terminations of fibers within the spinal cord. The majority of axons originating from second-order spinothalamic…

FIGURE 12.1 The distribution of the olfactory nerves within the nose. Within the olfactory bulbs, axons of incoming fibers synapse on dendrites of mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory…