Fig. 16.1 Glutamate microdomains may be formed by specialized protein complexes found on plasma membranes in extrasynaptic regions where astrocytic and neuronal membranes are opposed to one another. Glutamate is…
Fig. 2.1 Molecular cascades of calcium and sodium signaling in astroglia. Abbreviations: AMPAR α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, CBP Ca2+ binding protein, EAAT excitatory amino acid transporter, ER endoplasmic reticulum, GABA γ-aminobutyric…
Fig. 10.1 Post mortem human brain at the level of the caudate-putamen. Coronal brain sections taken through the caudate-putamen of a normal (left) and a Huntington’s disease patient (right). The…
Fig. 1.1 Classification of neuroglia Despite a remarkable heterogeneity of neuroglial cells they have one feature in common: the main function of neuroglia is the preservation of nervous system homeostasis….
Fig. 19.1 Pathomechanisms in acquired and inherited peripheral neuropathies. a Hypothetical model of the pathological mechanisms of autoimmune disease in the peripheral nervous system. In the systemic immune compartment, autoreactive…
Fig. 13.1 Possible therapeutic targets in microglia. Neurotransmitter receptors, neuropeptide receptors, neuromodulatory receptors, cytokine and chemokine receptors, transporters, and various factors affecting microglial function 13.2 Neurotransmitter Receptors Microglia express various…
Fig. 4.1 Schematic depiction of glial glutamate and lactate transporter functions. a (1) Presynaptic neuronal impulses induce glutamate (Glu) release into the synaptic cleft. Glutamate binds and opens postsynaptic AMPA…
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014Vladimir Parpura and Alexei Verkhratsky (eds.)Pathological Potential of Neuroglia10.1007/978-1-4939-0974-2_5 5. Alexander Disease and Astrotherapeutics Michael Brenner1 and Albee Messing2 (1) Department of Neurobiology and the Civitan International Research Center, University of…
Excitotoxic Energetic/free radical Inflammatory Mechanical damage Membrane disruption Increased [Na+]i, [Ca2+]i Disregulation of astrocytic K+ and membrane potential Excessive glutamate release Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamatereceptors activation Ionic disregulation activates ATP-dependent…
Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease Genetic forms of Parkinson’s disease Parkinsonism plus syndromes Progressive supranuclear palsy Multiple system atrophy Cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration Dementia with lewy Bodies Hereditary neurodegenerative Parkinsonism Huntington’s…
