Immunoglobulins in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Fig. 10.1 Schematic representation of the basic structure of immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are composed of two heavy chains, each consisting of one variable (V H , red) and three constant (C…
NEUROLOGY
Alterations of the Cerebrospinal Fluid in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System
Fig. 19.1 Major syndromes of chronic demyelinating polyneuropathies 19.1 Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) CIDP is a rare disease: its prevalence is 0.5–1/100,000 in childhood and 1–2/100,000 in adult populations….
CSF Findings in Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Demyelinating and Axonal Acute Inflammatory Polyneuropathies
Fig. 18.1 Major syndromes of acute demyelinating polyneuropathies. The figure indicates the heterogeneous pathology and clinical picture of GBS. Demyelination is responsible for the most common form of AIDP, while…
Detection of Infectious Agents
Fig. 11.1 Examples of stainings visualising meningitis-causing agents. Upper panel: May–Grünwald–Giemsa-stained cytospin for cytological differentiation of CSF cells can already visualise bacteria or fungi, and thorough inspection is mandatory: (a)…
Chronic Noninfectious Inflammatory CNS Diseases
Cerebrospinalfluid biomarkers Origin Target cells Immune activation CXCL13 FDC B cells, TFH cells CXCL16 APC T cells, NKT cells CXCL10 Astrocytes, endothelial cells,fibroblast Th1 cells, CD8+ cells, NK cells, endothelial…
Autoimmune Encephalitis
Fig. 16.1 Treatment scheme for anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Can also be useful for other autoimmune encephalitis (expert opinion). PE plasma exchange Antibody production is thought to start systemically. Activated B cells…
Methods for Biomarker Analysis
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015Florian Deisenhammer, Finn Sellebjerg, Charlotte E Teunissen and Hayrettin Tumani (eds.)Cerebrospinal Fluid in Clinical Neurology10.1007/978-3-319-01225-4_13 13. Methods for Biomarker Analysis Diego Franciotta1, Massimo Alessio2, Livia Garzetti3 and Roberto Furlan3 (1) Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, IRCCS, National Institute…
CSF Albumin: Albumin CSF/Serum Ratio (Marker for Blood-CSF Barrier Function)
Age (years) Lumbar CSF/serum ratio of albumin range (×10−3) Newborn <28 1–15 4–5 15–60 5–8 60–90 8–10 9.5 Interpretation A dysfunction of the blood-CSF barrier, i.e. abnormal elevation of Q-Alb,…
CSF Total Protein
Age (years) Lumbar total protein range (mg/L) Newborn <1,700 1–15 90–350 16–60 150–450 8.4 Interpretation Many acute inflammatory diseases of the CNS are characterized by a mild to moderate increase…
Techniques, Contraindications, and Complications of CSF Collection Procedures
Needle Comparison Advantages Disadvantages Length Short Children – Long Adults or obese patients Procedure more difficult Diameter Small Less complications, pain, discomfort, blood contaminations, medication, and medical assistance Slow flow,…
