Fig. 12.1 Illustration of surround inhibition. The brain produces the desired motor pattern while simultaneously creating a surround inhibition of competing motor movements Movement disorders or extrapyramidal disorders are diseases…
Focal (or multifocal) lesions of peripheral nervous system Entrapment syndromes such as carpal tunnel syndrome Ischemic neuropathy Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia Trigeminal neuralgia Vasculitis syndromes Polyneuropathies Diabetes mellitus HIV…
Supratentorial structural (20 % of total) Infratentorial structural (15 % of total) Metabolic and diffuse brain dysfunction (65 % of total) Head trauma Contusion with brain swelling Subdural/epidural hematoma Cerebrovascular…
Fig. 11.1 Primary, secondary, and tertiary multimodal association cortices, and paralimbic regions Fig. 11.2 Location of brain lesions causing different types of aphasia (left hemisphere) Tertiary association cortex is a…
Proximal greater than distal weakness Symmetrical weakness Muscle atrophy proportional to degree of weakness Muscle may feel doughy to palpation Hypotonic muscle Weakness slowly progresses Weakness rarely painful Loss of…
Brainstem location Signs/symptoms Possible structures Midbrain Upward eye movement, superior oblique weakness, and pupil constriction dysfunction CN III, IV Contralateral arm and leg weakness Midbrain or pontine corticospinal tract Contralateral…
Fig. 5.1 In myasthenia gravis, acetylcholine receptor antibody blocks the acetylcholine-binding site Fig. 5.2 Neuromuscular junction. a Normal. b Myasthenia gravis with simplified post-synaptic membrane The majority of early-onset, AchR…
Non REM sleep REM sleep Wakefulness Sensation and perception Absent or dull Vivid but internally generated Vivid but externally generated Movement Limited, episodic and involuntary Dream commanded Continuous and…
Age range Major causes Infant Birth injury, hypoxia/ischemia, congenital malformations, congenital infection Childhood Febrile seizures, CNS infection, head trauma, birth injury, idiopathic Young adult Head trauma, drugs, withdrawal from alcohol…
Fig. 6.1 Peripheral polyneuropathy distribution In many patients with diabetic polyneuropathy, damage to small axons leads to persistent foot pain (see chapter 20 on pain). The pain, typically described as burning,…
