NEUROLOGY
Olfactory Receptors
Olfactory receptor cells may be considered specialized, primitive-type, bipolar neurons. Their nuclei are located at the base of the epithelial layer. Basal stem cells located along the basement membrane differentiate…
Nerves of Orbit and Cavernous Sinus
TROCHLEAR NERVE The trochlear nerve is slender, and its nucleus of origin is located in the midbrain just caudal to the oculomotor nuclei. The trochlear fibers curve posterolaterally and slightly…
Reticulospinal and Corticoreticular Pathways
Pontine reticulospinal fibers project to the spinal cord via the medial reticulospinal tract only. This tract traverses the anterior funiculus ipsilaterally and extends along the entire length of the spinal…
Disorders of Hypoglossal Nucleus and Nerve
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Clinical Findings in Cranial Nerve XI Damage
DISORDERS Proximal spinal accessory nerve lesions cause weakness of the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles. Damage within the posterior triangle of the neck spares the sternocleidomastoid, resulting in trapezius weakness….
Vestibulospinal Tracts
The known output pathways from the vestibular nuclei include projections to the spinal cord, oculomotor nuclei, cerebellum and reticular formation. Vestibular activity also reaches the thalamus, superior colliculus and other…
Arteries of Spinal Cord: Intrinsic Distribution
The central (sulcocommissural) branches of the anterior spinal artery pass back into the anterior median fissure to supply the central parts of the spinal cord. At the anterior commissure, the…
Vagus Nerve Branches and Disorders
Below its inferior ganglion, the vagus nerve descends within a homolateral carotid sheath, shared with the internal jugular vein and carotid artery, to the thoracic inlet. The vagus nerve intercommunicates…
