Vascular Malformations of the Brain Key Points Most procedural problems during embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) occur at the time of microcatheter withdrawal. Intensive management of the patient following…
Intracranial Aneurysms, Diagnosis and Treatment Key Points Intracranial aneurysms are delicate structures prone to procedural rupture or perforation. Treat them very gently. Rotational 3D angiography has improved enormously the angiographic…
The External Carotid Artery and Extracranial Circulation Key Points The anatomy of the extracranial circulation is in many ways more challenging than that of the intracranial system. Proficiency in this…
The Venous System Key Points Venous anatomy can vary a great deal meaning that the clinical impact of venous pathology or excessive venous flow can be very variable from one…
The Arteries of the Posterior Fossa Key Points Perforator branches of the brainstem are difficult to see angiographically but injury to them can be the mechanism of devastating ischemic deficits…
The Extradural Vertebral Arteries Key Points The anterior spinal artery is a major focus of concern in all vertebral artery catheterizations and embolizations. Anastomotic connections between the vertebral arteries and…
The Posterior Cerebral Artery Key Points The vessels along the basilar trunk and at the basilar apex are delicate and can be easily perforated or injured with a wire or…
The Middle Cerebral Artery Key Points Variants of the middle cerebral artery, such as accessory branches or duplications, represent a substantial risk for misadventure during endovascular embolization or blind navigation…
The Anterior Cerebral Artery Key Points Selecting the A1 segment with a wire and microcatheter is often very difficult. Therefore, to force the microcatheter to make this difficult turn, a…
The Internal Carotid Artery Key Points The extracranial and ophthalmic branches of the internal carotid artery exist in a state of actual or potential exchange with distal branches of the…
