10.1055/b-0039-173895 4 Pathology of the BrainstemHannes Vogel Abstract The brainstem contains all cell types of the central nervous system. Consequently, the brainstem may be involved in infectious, oncologic, neurodegenerative, and…
10.1055/b-0039-173893 2 Anatomy of the Brainstem, Thalamus, Pineal Region, and Cranial NervesKaan Yağmurlu, M. Yashar S. Kalani, and Albert L. Rhoton Jr. Abstract The anatomy of the brainstem, thalamus, pineal…
10.1055/b-0039-173894 3 Development of the Human Brainstem and Its VasculatureNicholas T. Gamboa, Bornali Kundu, and M. Yashar S. Kalani Abstract Safe and efficient surgery in and around the brainstem depends…
10.1055/b-0039-173892 1 History of Brainstem SurgeryNikolay L. Martirosyan, Alessandro Carotenuto, Arpan A. Patel, and Mark C. Preul Abstract The history of brainstem surgery had been a seemingly unexplored locus in…
10.1055/b-0040-174411 12 Radiology in Cranial NeuropathyRichard K. Gurgel, Vanessa Torrecillas, and Richard H. Wiggins, III Abstract When patients present with cranial neuropathies, imaging is often a valuable adjunct to the…
10.1055/b-0040-174408 9 Cranial Nerves IX, X, XII: DysphagiaErica E. Jackson and Anna M. Pou Abstract Intact motor and sensory function of cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XII (hypoglossal)…
10.1055/b-0040-174409 10 Cranial Nerve X: DysphoniaLacey Adkins, Melda Kunduk, and Andrew J. McWhorter Abstract The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve whose paralysis frequently causes a…
10.1055/b-0040-174412 13 Conclusion and Discussion PointsSeilesh C. Babu and Neal M. Jackson As the previous chapters have demonstrated, cranial nerve disorders can be very complex to diagnose and treat. While…
10.1055/b-0040-174406 7 Cranial Nerve VIII: Hearing DisordersEric N. Appelbaum and Daniel H. Coelho Abstract Cost-effective evaluation of audiovestibular disorders relies on a detailed and directed history and physical examination. Audiologic…
10.1055/b-0040-174410 11 Cranial Nerve XI: Spinal Accessory NeuropathyRizwan Aslam Abstract Cranial neuropathies can significantly impact a patient’s quality of life. Therefore, it is imperative for health care providers to understand…
