Fig. 26.1 Lordotic cage placed in the intervertebral disc space. Note that it spans the lateral endplate on both the right and left sides of the apophyseal ring, which is…

Fig. 5.1 Pelvic incidence (PI) is described as an angle subtended by a line which is drawn from the center of the femoral heads to the midpoint of the sacral…

Complications of osteoporosis in spine surgery Subsidence Pedicle fracture Proximal junctional kyphosis Compression fracture Pseudoarthrosis Implant loosening/haloing 15.3 Preoperative Evaluation and Medical Management Preoperative evaluation of the patient with suspected…

Fig. 2.1 36-in. antero-posterior X-ray illustrating scoliosis terms. CSVL Central Sacral vertical line 2.2 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Classification Systems Based on etiology, scoliosis has been broadly subdivided into idiopathic, neuromuscular,…

Fig. 4.1 Pelvic sagittal parameters Contrary to pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt and sacral slope represent a positional parameter that varies with position and spinal deformity. Pelvic tilt is the angle…

Fig. 7.1 Illustration of how the largest amount of radiation is produced by scatter near the X-ray source: (a) position of the X-ray tube above should be avoided; (b) by…