45Spondylolysis Repair (Pars Interarticularis Repair) Christopher M. Bono Description Direct bone grafting and stabilization of spondylolytic (pars) lesions. Key Principles Unhealed fractures of the pars interarticularis, also known as isthmic…

66Percutaneous Cement Augmentation Techniques (Vertebroplasty, Kyphoplasty) Choll W. Kim and Steven R. Garfin Description Percutaneous vertebral augmentation (vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty) is used to treat painful vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis…

64Tubular Access to the Posterior Spine: Fixed Diameter or Expandable Retractors Y. Raja Rampersaud Description To provide access to the posterior spine by means of a paramedian muscle splitting approach…

63Laparoscopic Surgical Technique Harvinder S. Sandhu Description Availability of surgical instruments and advances in minimally invasive surgical techniques have enabled surgeons to use laparoscopic methods to access the anterior lumbar…

68Percutaneous Lumbar Pedicle Screw Fixation John H. Peloza Description Lumbar percutaneous pedicle screw fixation has many advantages over other fixation techniques. Pedicle screw fixation provides the most rigid three-column stability…

54Intervertebral Stapling for Spinal Deformity Linda P. D’Andrea, JahanGir Asghar, James T. Guille, and Randal R. Betz Description Vertebral stapling is a method of regulating spinal curvature development in the…

58Anterior Spinal Anchor Strategy Placement and Rod Reduction Techniques Keith H. Bridwell Description Surgical technique for two-screw/two-rod construct for thoracic, thoracolumbar, or lumbar scoliosis. Key Principles To correct the coronal…