Fig. 21.1 Ossification centers of the atlas and axis (Reprinted from Copley and Dormans [15]. With permission from Wolters Kluwer Health) Distinctive anatomic features in the immature C-spine account for…

Fig. 42.1 Clinical example of a 2-year-old male with a progressive idiopathic early onset scoliosis undergoing a self-guided growth surgery. Despite serial casting from the age of 2–5, the deformity…

Benign: S1: Latent tumors (G0 T0 M0) S2: Active tumors (G0 T0 M0) S3: Aggressive tumors (G0-1 T0-1 M0-1) Malignant: Stage I Low grade A: Intracompartmental (G1 T1 M0) Low…

Fig. 28.1 Idiopathic EOS. Scoliosis was noted at the age of 6 years and progressed to 30° by the age of 7 years (a). Full-time brace treatment began at the…

Fig. 44.1 Progression of scoliosis with growth from a straight spine (a), with disk wedging (b), and finally vertebral wedging (c). If the deformity is treated with a tether placed…

Fig. 46.1 (a, b) Preoperative radiographs of a 5-year-old female with neglected 75° lordoscoliosis and Marfan syndrome. T1–12 length = 16.5 cm. (c) Apical CT of thorax. Significant spine penetration into the…

Fig. 53.1 Electrode positions for posterior tibial nerve SSEP, H-reflex and train of four (TOF). (TOF is monitored to ensure clearance of the neuromuscular junction for optimal tceMEP recordings.) (1)…

Fig. 34.1 14-year-old with a prominent gibbus and kyphectomy deformity (Reprinted from Furderer et al. [7] with permission from Springer Science) Fig. 34.2 Lateral radiograph demonstrating severe kyphotic deformity (Reprinted…

Fig. 1.1 Photomicrograph of primitive streak in the bilaminar germ disc. The primitive pit, primitive groove, and primitive node form the primitive streak. The head of the embryo will eventually…

  In situ fusion Stapling Growing rods Shilla Vertebral resection VEPTR Applicability in severe deformities + + ++ ++ +++ ++ Correction, rate/speed + + ++ ++ +++ + Grade…