10.1055/b-0034-82091 15 Extraforaminal Surgical Approach Since the first description of extraforaminal disk herniations (EFDHs) in the lumbar spine by Abdullah et al1 in 1974, it is only recently that these…

10.1055/b-0034-82097 18 Case Presentations and Surgical Technique: Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Diskectomy: Transforaminal L2-L3 Extrusion Clinical Findings A patient was presented with right inguinal and gluteal pain for 2 weeks. Weakness…

10.1055/b-0034-82077 1 History of Endoscopic Spine Surgery As the understanding of human physiology has become more complete, the importance of preserving normal tissues has become increasingly clear in the field…

10.1055/b-0034-82085 9 Complications in Percutaneous Endoscopic Cervical Diskectomy The percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy (PECD) is considered a relatively safe procedure because there are not many complications associated with it. Through…

10.1055/b-0034-82081 5 Anesthesia Percutaneous endoscopic diskectomy differs from other spinal operations in that it presents particular demands for anesthesiology: Limited endoscopic field Poor tactile feedback obtained from long endoscopic tools…

10.1055/b-0034-82082 6 Applied Anatomy for Percutaneous Approaches to the Cervical Spine To understand the surgical technique of percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy (PECD) and to produce successful outcomes, it is imperative…

10.1055/b-0034-82080 4 Selection and Use of Lasers and Their Safety In 1905, Dr. Albert Einstein introduced the concept of a photon as a constituent of light. This opened the door…

10.1055/b-0034-82079 3 Operating Room Setup In the recent trend of minimally invasive and image-guided surgeries, the demand to redesign the conventional operating suite is increasing day by day. The common…