14Lumbar Spinal Stenosis I. General considerations A. Definition: narrowing of the spinal canal (central stenosis), lateral recess (lateral recess stenosis) or the foramen (foraminal stenosis) with neural impingement that produces…

2History and Physical Examination ♦ History I. Degenerative disorders of the spine A. History is the most important component of the patient evaluation. 1. Establishes the initial differential diagnoses 2….

18Kyphotic Spinal Deformities in Children and Adults I. General considerations A. Anatomic variation 1. Cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and lumbosacral lordosis 2. Sagittal plumb line (odontoid) should normally cross C7–T1,…

12Degenerative Thoracic Spine Conditions I. General considerations A. Thoracic pain may be due to several different etiologies (Table 12–1). 1. Incidence is ~15%. 2. Frequently presents in the fourth to…

IITrauma 6  Evaluation and Management of Spinal Cord Injury 7  Spinal Rehabilitation and Disability Evaluation 8  Cervical Spine Trauma 9  Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures 6Evaluation and Management of Spinal Cord Injury…

22Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies I. Ankylosing spondylitis (Fig. 22–1) A. General considerations 1. Affects patients in their second and third decades of life 2. Men and women are affected equally. a. Men…

7Spinal Rehabilitation and Disability Evaluation ♦ Rehabilitation of Back and Neck Pain I. General considerations A. It is estimated 80% of the general population suffers at least one disabling episode…

5Physiology of Bone Grafts and Bone Graft Substitutes ♦ General Considerations I. Process of bone formation A. Osteogenesis: mesenchymal cell differentiation into osteoblasts B. Osteoinduction: induction of bone formation via…