Summary of Key Points • Spondylosis is a naturally occurring degeneration of intervertebral discs that can result in neurologic compression. • It is commonly treated by decompression at the site…
Summary of Key Points • Components of the electrodiagnostic (EDX) examination include (1) nerve conduction studies, (2) needle electrode examination (or electromyogram), and (3) special studies (e.g., H reflexes, F…
Summary of Key Points • Patients with spine disease can present with a variety of symptoms and signs. These symptoms and signs may overlap with other, nonspine conditions. • The…
Summary of Key Points • Understand the history and driving forces behind the development of patient registries, including policy changes and limitations in existing health research. • Evaluate spine registries…
Summary of Key Points • Big data analytics refers to a collection of tools that will analyze large volumes of data and allow for predictions based on those analytics to…
Summary of Key Points • The reduced costs and time, and the ability to simulate sophisticated loading conditions and vary certain parameters (such as treatment strategies) in a perfectly controlled…
Summary of Key Points • Intraoperative monitoring in spine surgery is a surrogate for a neurologic examination in the anesthetized patient. Modalities employed include somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials,…
Summary of Key Points • Bone grafting is a common procedure worldwide. Both autograft and allograft are safe and effective for use in patients. Autograft is the gold standard to…
Summary of Key Points • The term osteointegration has been used in both structural (morphologic) and functional (physiologic) senses. • Titanium implants generally have a better biocompatibility and osteoconductivity than…
Summary of Key Points • Spinal biologics can alter the existing biologic environment to enhance specific cellular/molecular activity in order to further a clinical goal by facilitating osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and/or…
