1 Historical Background of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery MICK J. PEREZ-CRUET, RAJU S. V. BALABHADRA, DINO SAMARTZIS, AND DANIEL H. KIM Demands from health insurance organizations and hospitals to remain…
23 Endoscopic/Percutaneous Lumbar Pedicle Screw Fixation KEVIN T. FOLEYAND LANGSTON T. HOLLY Pedicle screw fixation has become a widely accepted method for spinal stabilization. This technique provides rigid, three-column stability…
5 Anterior Endoscopic Cervical Microdiskectomy JOHN C. CHIU Anterior cervical diskectomy with or without bony fusion has been the standard treatment for cervical disk protrusions since the 1950s1–4; however, these…
11 Posterolateral Endoscopic Thoracic Diskectomy JOHN C. CHIU Posterolateral endoscopic thoracic diskectomy (PETD) is an alternative procedure for treating symptomatic herniated thoracic disks through an endoscope to achieve less tissue…
18 Posterolateral Selective Endoscopic Diskectomy: The YESS Technique ANTHONY T. YEUNG AND CHRISTOPHER A. YEUNG The intervertebral disk, an important supporting structure of the spinal column, is implicated as a…
19 Endoscopic Lumbar Foraminoplasty JOHN C. CHIU With accumulated experience with endoscopically assisted mechanical and laser lumbar diskectomy,1–18 the need for a more efficient method to decompress the lateral recess19–26…
28 Gasless Endoscopic ALIF: The BERG Approach JOHN S. THALGOTT AND JAMES M. GIUFFRE The evolution of endoscopic anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) began with the first laparoscopic diskectomy performed…
22 Endoscopic Pedicle Screw Instrumentation and Decompression KEE D. KIM AND MARK W. HAWK Standard posterolateral lumbar fusion requires extensive myoligamentous dissection and retraction. The paraspinal muscle injury associated with…
26 Laparoscopic Fusion of the Lumbosacral Spine STEPHEN E. HEIM, ANTHONY ALTIMARI, AND JOHN L. ANDRESHAK The evolution of threaded interbody fusion cages has presented a significant new form of…
15 Thoracoscopic Approach for a Deformity with Frontier Instrumentation PETER O. NEWTON, RANDAL BETZ, DAVID CLEMENTS, AND ALVIN CRAWFORD Thoracoscopic anterior scoliosis correction incorporates minimally invasive techniques with anterior thoracic…
