Superficial Siderosis of the CNS
Superficial Siderosis of the CNS Deposition of hemosiderin on pial surfaces of brain and spinal cord. Evolves for years; caused by chronic, intermittent, or persistent oozing of blood into CSF….
Disorders of Intracranial Pressure
Disorders of Intracranial Pressure Brain Edema Definition Increased brain volume due to increase in water and sodium content. Major Types of Brain Edema Features of three major forms of cerebral…
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus Definition Increased CSF volume and dilation of cerebral ventricles. Classification Obstructive Hydrocephalus Due to obstruction of CSF flow out of cerebral ventricles. Sometimes termed “non-communicating” hydrocephalus (CSF does not…
Vascular Disease of the Spinal Cord
Vascular Disease of the Spinal Cord Blood Supply Origin: vertebral, subclavian, iliac arteries, aorta. Branches form single anterior median spinal artery, two posterior spinal arteries. Thoracic region: blood supply relatively…
Cerebral Veins and Sinuses
Cerebral Veins and Sinuses Occlusion of cerebral veins and sinuses associated with various disorders (Table 47.1). Lateral, cavernous, superior sagittal sinuses most frequently affected. Lateral Sinus Thrombosis Usually due to…
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Acute hemorrhage into space between pia and arachnoid membranes (subarachnoid space). 5% of all strokes; nearly 30,000 cases annually in the United States (annual incidence 1/10,000). 80% due…
Treatment and Prevention of Stroke
Treatment and Prevention of Stroke Atherothrombotic Strokes and Tias Surgery Indications for carotid endarterectomy (CEA): Stenosis ≥70% (if patient medically suitable). Balloon angioplasty, stents (extracranial and intracranial stenosis): under investigation….
Stroke in Children
Stroke in Children Important differences from adults characterize childhood stroke: 1) predisposing factors (e.g., cyanotic heart disease) common; 2) clinical evolution (outcome often better in children); 3) anatomic site of…
Differential Diagnosis of Stroke
Differential Diagnosis of Stroke Clinical Features of Stroke Subtypes Distinction essential in choice of acute treatment of stroke: in first 3 hours, thrombolysis may be indicated in acute infarct; contraindicated…
Other Cerebrovascular Syndromes
Other Cerebrovascular Syndromes Lacunar Strokes Small ischemic infarcts due to occlusion of small penetrating arterioles, usually with sustained hypertension. Location: distribution of deep penetrating arteries (basal ganglia, deep hemispheric white…
