Alcohol and Sleep Homeostasis
Fig. 1 Orexin neurons expresses adenosine A1 receptors as evident by double labelled fluorescence. Panel a Orexin-A containing neurons in the perifornical region (green fluorescence). Panel b Same visual field and…
New Class of Hypnotic Compounds for the Treatment of Insomnia: The Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists
Fig. 1 Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA A ) modulators (eszopiclone and zolpidem) dose-responsively alter electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral frequency of sleep/wake states in inactive-phase dosing, whereas DORA-22 produces sleep more akin to…
Roles of Orexin Receptors on Sleep/Wakefulness Regulation
Fig. 1 Sleep state abnormalities in orexin receptor knockout mice. Representative 12-h dark-period (20:00–08:00) hypnograms for wild-type (WT), OX1R −/−, OX2R −/−, and OX1R −/−; OX2R −/− mice, all with a…
Narcolepsy or Hypersomnia, with and Without Orexin (Hypocretin) Deficiency
, A. Imanishi1, Y. Ohmori1, Y. Sagawa1, Y. Takahashi1 , M. Omokawa1, M. Sato1, Y. Hishikawa1, T. Shimizu1, 2 and S. Nishino3 (1) Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan (2) International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine…
of Orexin on Sleep: Interactions with Other Neurotransmitter Systems
Neurotransmitter/neuromodulator Location of the soma Neuronal pattern of discharge Wakefulness promoting Orexin Postero-lateral hypothalamus Wake-on Acetylcholine LDT-PPT and BFB Wake/REM-on Serotonin DRN and MRN Wake-on Noradrenaline Locus coeruleus Wake-on Dopamine…
of Neuronal Circuitry Involved in the Regulation of Sleep/Wakefulness Using Optogenetics
Fig. 1 ChR2 and HaloR ChR2 senses blue light and open non-selective cation channel to induce depolarization. HaloR senses orange light and pump into chloride ion to induce hyperpolarization (Color figure…
(Orexin) Cell Transplantation as a New Therapeutic Approach in Narcolepsy
Symptom Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) A persistent sense of mental cloudiness, a lack of energy, a depressed mood, or extreme exhaustion. Some people experience memory lapses, and many have great…
Pathology in Human Narcolepsy with and Without Cataplexy
Fig. 1 Neurolucida mapping of Hcrt cells in normal and narcolepsy. The cell counts are listed in each section. 3v third ventricle, Fx fornix, Mmb mammillary body, Opt optic tract Fig. 2…
Dissection of Sleep-Wake Circuits in the Brain
Fig. 1 Optogenetic stimulation of Hcrt neurons and their downstream targets during NREM result in wakefulness. a Fluorescence micrographs of neurones in the lateral hypothalamus expressing EGFP (green), ChR2-mCherry (red) and…
of Thalamocortical Pathways by Orexins
Fig. 1 The thalamocortical loop. The red curved arrow symbolizes the intra-cortical processing of sensory information. Note that layer 6 pyramidal cell projects on the distal part of the thalamic dendrite…
