Neurotransmitters

May 8, 2017 by in NEUROSURGERY Comments Off on Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters   A Chemical Messenger Must Meet Four Criteria to Be Considered a Neurotransmitter Only a Few Small-Molecule Substances Act as Transmitters Acetylcholine Biogenic Amine Transmitters Catecholamine Transmitters Serotonin Histamine…

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Low-Level Visual Processing: The Retina

May 8, 2017 by in NEUROSURGERY Comments Off on Low-Level Visual Processing: The Retina

Low-Level Visual Processing: The Retina   The Photoreceptor Layer Samples the Visual Image Ocular Optics Limit the Quality of the Retinal Image There Are Two Types of Photoreceptors: Rods and…

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Disorders of Mood and Anxiety

May 8, 2017 by in NEUROSURGERY Comments Off on Disorders of Mood and Anxiety

Disorders of Mood and Anxiety   The Most Common Disorders of Mood Are Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Disorder Unipolar Depression Often Begins Early in Life Bipolar Disorder Includes Episodes of…

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Repairing the Damaged Brain

May 8, 2017 by in NEUROSURGERY Comments Off on Repairing the Damaged Brain

Repairing the Damaged Brain   Damage to Axons Affects Neurons and Neighboring Cells Axon Degeneration Is an Active Process Axotomy Leads to Reactive Responses in Nearby Cells Central Axons Regenerate…

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Circulation of the Brain

May 8, 2017 by in NEUROSURGERY Comments Off on Circulation of the Brain

Circulation of the Brain   The Blood Supply of the Brain Can Be Divided into Arterial Territories The Cerebral Vessels Have Unique Physiological Responses A Stroke Is the Result of…

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The Modulatory Functions of the Brain Stem

May 8, 2017 by in NEUROSURGERY Comments Off on The Modulatory Functions of the Brain Stem

The Modulatory Functions of the Brain Stem   Ascending Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Projections from the Brain Stem Maintain Arousal Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Neurons Share Many Properties and Functions Many Monoaminergic…

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The Cerebellum

May 8, 2017 by in NEUROSURGERY Comments Off on The Cerebellum

The Cerebellum   Cerebellar Diseases Have Distinctive Symptoms and Signs The Cerebellum Has Several Functionally Distinct Regions The Cerebellar Microcircuit Has a Distinct and Regular Organization Neurons in the Cerebellar…

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Emotions and Feelings

May 8, 2017 by in NEUROSURGERY Comments Off on Emotions and Feelings

Emotions and Feelings   The Modern Search for the Emotional Brain Began in the Late 19th Century The Amygdala Emerged as a Critical Regulatory Site in Circuits of Emotions Studies…

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The Organization of the Central Nervous System

May 8, 2017 by in NEUROSURGERY Comments Off on The Organization of the Central Nervous System

The Organization of the Central Nervous System   The Central Nervous System Consists of the Spinal Cord and the Brain The Major Functional Systems Are Similarly Organized Information Is Transformed…

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