Fig. 1 Cytotoxic and transvascular oedema. (a) Normal—two astrocytes and a capillary. (b) Cytotoxic oedema: influxing water has caused the cells to swell, impinging on the extracellular space and leading…
Fig. 1 Glutamate neuroreceptor localization and distribution in Central Nervous System. (a) Glutamatergic pathways, (b) hypothetical tracking of glutamatergic neuronal fibers where red-colored fibers represents NMDA receptors, green—AMPA receptors, and…
Tissue or fluid X-ray absorption Color Hounsfield units Air None Black −1000 Fat Slight Black −100 to −50 Water/CSF Minimal Black 0 Serum Minimal 13–38 Unclotted blood <WM < GM Dark grey…
Fig. 1 Bioenergetics overview. Glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) together generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP, via substrate-level phosphorylation) and provide electrons to power ATP formation from the electron transport…
Fig. 1 Duplex Doppler image of the carotid bifurcation For most individuals, carotid anatomy permits ultrasound assessment of the carotid bifurcation and the proximal 2 cm of the internal carotid artery….
Fig. 1 (a) NR2 antibodies (b, ×400) staining of 5 mm coronal slices from rat with MCAo (1 h of MCAo and 24 h of reperfusion): 1—infarcted area; and 2—contralateral area, NR2 mRNA…
Fig. 1 Intraluminal placed atherosclerotic plaque during open carotid endarterectomy (a); Carotid endarterectomy with temporary indwelling shunt (arrow) (b) Recently, in addition to open surgery for brachiocephalic artery stenosis, endovascular…
Fig. 1 T2-weighed MRI for: (a) a 83-year-old female, multiple lesions in white matter seen on MRI, (b) a 76-year-old male with recurrent ischemic stroke and lesions with hemorrhagic transformation…
Fig. 1 Early schematics of a “mobile stroke unit” first developed in Homburg. Dimensions indicated in millimeters. (a) Integrated small CT, (b) operation console, (c) isolation against radiation produced by…
Fig. 1 Relationship between hyperglycemia, retinal, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular disease. Hyperglycemia causes chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction leading to atherosclerosis, and ultimately end organ disease. Dynamic retinal vessel analysis allows detection…
