FACIAL NERVE DISORDERS Facial weakness is caused by both central and peripheral lesions, and differentiating between the two frequently requires close examination. Peripheral facial weakness involves both the upper and…
OTHER ETIOLOGIES OF FACIAL NEUROPATHY Lyme disease is a relatively common infectious cause of an acute unilateral or bilateral facial neuropathy. Symptoms typically include systemic symptoms (e.g., arthralgia, fever, rash),…
Posterior Horn. Many neurons in the six laminae of the posterior horn receive direct synaptic input from spinal afferent fibers that enter the spinal cord via the posterior roots and…
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In addition to the pathways described above, each ocular motor nucleus also receives input for saccadic and pursuit eye movements that do not involve the vestibular nuclei. These pathways ultimately…
The external, tough, fibrous dura mater continues downward as far as the second sacral vertebra, where it ends blindly. It is separated from the wall of the vertebral canal by…
THE MOTOR DIVISION Fibers arise from the motor facial nucleus, located in the reticular formation of the lowest part of the pons. The nucleus is posterior to the superior olive,…
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VESTIBULAR NERVE At the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus, the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve expands to form the vestibular ganglion before dividing into superior and inferior divisions….
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