Ataxic disorders
29 Ataxic disorders Patients with ataxia show an impairment of coordination in the absence of muscle weakness (Table 29.1). The cause of this relates to one or both of the following:…
Motor neuron disorders
27 Motor neuron disorders CLASSIFICATION Diseases that affect motor neurons can be classified as either primary, secondary, or multisystem (Table 27.1). The terms ‘motor neuron diseases’ and ‘motor neuron disorders’ are…
Chronic bacterial infections and neurosarcoidosis
16 Chronic bacterial infections and neurosarcoidosis TUBERCULOSIS MACROSCOPIC APPEARANCES Tuberculous meningitis is characterized by a gelatinous subarachnoid exudate. This may appear slightly nodular and is usually thickest in the sylvian…
Peripheral nerve sheath neoplasms
42 Peripheral nerve sheath neoplasms Neoplasms derived from cells that surround peripheral nerves may present with central nervous system (CNS) symptoms and signs when they arise at a proximal site….
Adult hypoxic and ischemic lesions
8 Adult hypoxic and ischemic lesions TERMINOLOGY Although ‘hypoxia’ (reduction in oxygen supply or impairment of its utilization) and ‘ischemia’ (reduction in blood supply) are often used interchangeably, and the…
Neuroepithelial neoplasms displaying neuronal features
37 Neuroepithelial neoplasms displaying neuronal features Neoplastic cells with morphologic and/or immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons may occur in neuroepithelial neoplasms as: large neuron-like ‘ganglion’ cells small but well-differentiated neurocytes poorly…
Meningiomas
43 Meningiomas MENINGIOMAS Meningiomas arise from meningothelial (arachnoid) cells in the leptomeninges. These cells have both epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics, which are shown by meningiomas in a spectrum of diverse…
Vitamin deficiencies
21 Vitamin deficiencies Vitamin deficiencies are a significant cause of neurologic disease in developing countries and in certain high-risk groups in developed countries (i.e. chronic alcoholics, patients with gastrointestinal diseases,…
Neoplasms of the pineal gland
39 Neoplasms of the pineal gland Neoplasms discussed in this chapter are pineal parenchymal neoplasms, the papillary tumor of the pineal region, and primary central nervous system (CNS) germ cell…
Miscellaneous CNS neoplasms and cysts
45 Miscellaneous CNS neoplasms and cysts Diverse neoplasms covered in this chapter are: glial tumors of uncertain origin mesenchymal non-meningothelial neoplasms, including vasoformative neoplasms primary melanocytic neoplasms hemangioblastoma. In addition,…
