Approach to the Patient with Suspected Brain Death
2. Pediatric guidelines for brain death were first published in 1987 and again revised in 2011 by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Child Neurology Society (CNS). The guidelines…
Approach to the Patient with Hearing Loss
(Video 17.1). If any of these symptoms are present, a detailed characterization is performed. The clinical significance of hearing loss is related to the time and acuity of onset, severity,…
Inherited Metabolic Neurologic Disorders
INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE Inborn errors of metabolism are individually rare. Most data in the past have relied on studies of prevalence, which are highly dependent on ascertainment of cases. This…
Approach to the Patient with Syncope
A. Neurally mediated syncope, also referred to as neurocardiogenic, reflex, or vasodepressor syncope, is common and results from the activation of a reflex that produces a significant vasodilatory (vasodepressor) and/or bradycardic…
Approach to the Hyperkinetic Patient
B. Phenomenologic classification. 1. Rest tremor. Tremor that occurs in a body part that is not voluntarily activated and is completely supported against gravity. Rest tremor amplitude always diminishes during target-directed movements,…
Approach to the Patient with Failed Back Syndrome
A. In cases of immediate failure, the patients never improve after surgery. This universally implies an error in diagnosis or a technical deficiency with the surgery. After the protocol outlined in…
Approach to the Ataxic Patient
(Video 29.1). Upper motor neuron signs (hyperreflexia and spasticity) are commonly found in patients with SCA1 and SCA3; cognitive impairment has been reported in association with SCA2, SCA12, SCA13, and…
Approach to the Hypokinetic Patient
B. Response to medications. Absence of benefit from adequate dosages of dopaminergic drugs, especially levodopa, casts doubt on the diagnosis of IPD and suggests a diagnosis of secondary causes of parkinsonism…
Approach to the Patient with Upper Extremity Pain and Paresthesias and Entrapment Neuropathies
(2) Paresthesias and sensory loss. Paresthesias are spontaneous sensations originating from nerve fibers, which patients describe as “tingling” or “pins and needles.” Sensory loss indicates absence of normal sensation, which patients…
Neurotoxicology
(Video 59.1). d. Treatment. (1) Activated charcoal. 1 g/kg by mouth if the patient is awake and is not at risk of aspiration and if ingestion is within 1 hour. (2) Benzodiazepines. Repeated…
