Neupsy Key

The history of SCS devices From fish to electronics The history of spinal cord stimulation is part of a larger human story of pain reduction spanning perhaps thousands of years….

Introduction As neuromodulation therapies become a treatment standard for a variety of disorders including medically refractory Parkinson’s disease (PD), essential tremor, dystonia, pain syndromes, epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, and other future…

It is an empiric fact that deep brain stimulation (DBS) directly and proximately (antidromicaly and oligosynapticaly) activates wide regions of the brain at time scales comparable to the immediate clinical…

Neuromodulation is an essential part of functional neurosurgery and an important therapeutic modality for many patients suffering from medically refractory disorders. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), motor cortex stimulation (MCS), vagal…

Introduction One of the greatest advantages of neuromodulation therapies, and in contrast to ablative procedures of the past is that the anatomical and physiological substrate of the therapy may continue…

The goal of cortical stimulation (CS) is to change the excitability or activity of cortical and related subcortical networks involved in pathophysiological processes. Any neurological or psychiatric disorder can be…

Overview Over the past several decades the field of neuromodulation has seen a rapid growth. This growth has been possible in part by the many advances made in technology; in…

Introduction A neuromodulation system may consist of two or more components, including the neurostimulator, a lead which contains the electrodes for stimulation and, in some cases, an extension that bridges…

Introduction History Spinal injections were first used in the mid-19th century to produce anesthesia for surgical procedures. Over the next century, new needles were developed and our anatomical understanding of…