Electronics
The history of SCS devices From fish to electronics The history of spinal cord stimulation is part of a larger human story of pain reduction spanning perhaps thousands of years….
Intraoperative Evaluation
Introduction As neuromodulation therapies become a treatment standard for a variety of disorders including medically refractory Parkinson’s disease (PD), essential tremor, dystonia, pain syndromes, epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, and other future…
The Electrode – Principles of the Neural Interface: Circuits
It is an empiric fact that deep brain stimulation (DBS) directly and proximately (antidromicaly and oligosynapticaly) activates wide regions of the brain at time scales comparable to the immediate clinical…
Safety Concerns and Limitations
Neuromodulation is an essential part of functional neurosurgery and an important therapeutic modality for many patients suffering from medically refractory disorders. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), motor cortex stimulation (MCS), vagal…
Programming – DBS Programming
Introduction One of the greatest advantages of neuromodulation therapies, and in contrast to ablative procedures of the past is that the anatomical and physiological substrate of the therapy may continue…
Cerebral – Surface
The goal of cortical stimulation (CS) is to change the excitability or activity of cortical and related subcortical networks involved in pathophysiological processes. Any neurological or psychiatric disorder can be…
Device Materials, Handling, and Upgradability
Introduction A neuromodulation system may consist of two or more components, including the neurostimulator, a lead which contains the electrodes for stimulation and, in some cases, an extension that bridges…
Spinal – Extradural
Introduction History Spinal injections were first used in the mid-19th century to produce anesthesia for surgical procedures. Over the next century, new needles were developed and our anatomical understanding of…
