10.1055/b-0034-83012 2 Instrumentation, Set-Up, and Patient PositioningCasiano, Roy R. Very few instruments are actually required to perform basic ESS in the laboratory (Fig. 2.1). As one gains more surgical experience…
10.1055/b-0034-83016 4 The Use of Anatomical LandmarksCasiano, Roy R. In 1994, May and colleagues introduced six friendly anatomical landmarks that are almost always present despite previous surgery1: 1. the arch…
10.1055/b-0034-85230 Neurological measurements: Introduction Introduction 31 3.2.1 Motor 1 Medical Research Council grading system 44 2 Hand-held dynamometer 45 3 Wolf motor function test (WMF) 46 4 Jebsen-Taylor hand function…
10.1055/b-0034-85231 Neurological measurements: Motor Medical Research Council grading system Description A 5-point ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 5: Grade 0—No contraction Grade 1—Perceptible contraction in muscle, but no movement…
10.1055/b-0034-85237 Strength measurements: Introduction Introduction 69 3.3.1 Isometric testing 1 Tergumed system/MedX 76 3.3.2 Isokinetic dynamometer 1 Biodex/Cybex/iSam 900 77 3.3.3 Isodynamic testing 1 Isostation B-200 device 78 3.3.4 Other…
10.1055/b-0034-85236 Neurological measurements: Composite scales ASIA / International Medical Society of Paraplegia (IMSOP) Description Contains five grades of impairment: Grade A—Complete Grade B—Incomplete: sensory but not motor function is preserved…
10.1055/b-0034-85235 Neurological measurements: Walking 10-meter walk test (10MWT) [1] Description Measure of time in seconds to walk 10 meters. Interpretation The greater the time, the greater the disability. Clinical relevance…
10.1055/b-0034-85234 Neurological measurements: Autonomic ASIA impairment scale—autonomic Description Muscle strength grading: 0—Total paralysis 1—Palpable or visible contraction 2—Active movement, full range of motion, gravity eliminated 3—Active movement, full range of…
10.1055/b-0034-85233 Neurological measurements: Tone and reflexes National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) myotactic reflex scale Description A measurement of deep tendon reflexes. A 5-point scale that ranges from…
10.1055/b-0034-85232 Neurological measurements: Sensory American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale—sensory Description Incorporates a summed score for all dermatomes using light touch and pin prick. Scored on a 0 (no…
