Neuroprosthetics
Fig. 24.1 Typical FES stimulation waveforms. (a) Rectangular pulse with exponential charge balance pulse. (b) Biphasic rectangular pulse. (c) Biphasic, rectangular pulse with reduced amplitude, but increased width of charge…
Neurogenic Respiratory Failure
Fig. 17.1 Number of patients in Germany in need of ventilation at the time of hospital discharge 17.2 Epidemiology of Ventilated Patients In a registry of all German-speaking countries, data…
Neurorehabilitation of the Upper Extremity
Fig. 22.1 Distribution of the initial (<4 weeks post injury) and chronic (6–12 months post injury) ASIA impairment scale (AIS) grades grouped by the initial (<4 weeks post injury) neurological…
Cardiovascular Dysfunction Following Spinal Cord Injury
Fig. 14.1 Autonomic cardiovascular control. The cerebral cortex and hypothalamus project to the nuclei of the medulla oblongata, where autonomic cardiovascular control is coordinated and integrated with input from baroreceptors,…
Infectious, Autoimmune and Other Immune-Mediated Causes of Myelitis
Diseasea Clinical presentation and diagnostic characteristics Myelitis with autoimmune-/immune–mediated CNS disorders Multiple sclerosis (MS) Relapsing or progressive, lesions typically short and laterally localised in the spinal cord, cranial MRI with…
Neuro-Urology in Spinal Cord Injury
Fig. 15.1 (a) Innervation and neural control of the LUT during the storage phase (Abbreviations: N. nerve, PAG periaqueductal gray, symp. sympathetic, L. lumbar, S sacral, −β 3 beta3-adrenoreceptor inhibition,…
Neurogastroenterology in Spinal Cord Dysfunction
Potentially, any irritant to the abdominal wall and viscera such as Ulcer Cholecystitis Pancreatitis Hepatitis Masses Gastroenteritis Hemorrhage Constipation Bowel obstruction Superior mesenteric artery syndrome Tight clothing or materials over…
Natural Course of Disease of Spinal Cord Injury
C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 Muscles groupsa Elbow flexors Wrist extensors Elbow extensors Finger flexors to the middle finger Small finger abductors Personal independenceb Type, feed Drink, wash, shave,…
Spinal Cord Imaging
10.8.1 X-Ray Imaging This is an X-ray image of EH post spine surgery. You can clearly see her vertebrae, as well as the metal screws and rod that were inserted…
Pattern of Neurological Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Disease
Fig. 3.1 Most common pattern of spinal cord damage in relation to the cross-sectional area affected. (a) Cross section of the intact spinal cord: spinal cord gray matter (gray), dorsal…
