History of epilepsy Breakthrough seizures Low AED level Acute or chronic cerebrovascular disease Ischemic stroke ICH, SAH, SDH, EDH Venous sinus thrombosis Malignancy Solid neoplasm (primary or metastatic) Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis…
Hemorrhagic stroke subtype Estimated risk of seizure (%) Cerebral venous thrombosis 47–50 Cavernous malformation 23–79 Arteriovenous malformation 16–53 Subarachnoid hemorrhage 1.1–25 Hemorrhagic conversion of ischemic stroke 12 Intracerebral hemorrhage 8…
Fig. 6.1 Invasive multimodality monitoring “bundle” in a patient in the neurointensive care unit. (a) External view of the patient’s head with microdialysis and rCBF probes in the foreground and…
CNS Tissue hypoxia (decreased O2 delivery and increased demand) Cerebral edema (angiogenic and cytotoxic) Increased CBF-CMRO2 Increased intracranial pressure CSF pleocytosis Hemorrhage Cerebral venous thrombosis Cardiovascular Hypertension followed by hypotension…
Fig. 2.1 PRISMA flowchart of the literature search methods and results Electrographic Seizures in the Intensive Care Unit Electrographic seizures and electrographic SE are frequent and are often associated with…
(1) Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (2) Department for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany …
Fig. 7.1 Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: Sagittal T2-weighted MR image showing a multisegmental degenerative narrowing of the spinal canal at cervical level with depleted subarachnoid space and a hyperintense intramedullary signal…
Diagnosis Total Syringomyelia Craniocervical junction 756 556 Chiari I 651 485 (74.5 %) Chiari II 45 29 (64.4 %) Foramen magnum arachnoiditis 33 33 (100 %) Posterior fossa tumors 12…
Fig. 2.1 The human vertebral column from (a) median-sagittal, (b) ventral, and (c) in a cross-sectional view of a cervical segment. Note the increasing shift between spinal segments and in…
Fig. 24.1 Typical FES stimulation waveforms. (a) Rectangular pulse with exponential charge balance pulse. (b) Biphasic rectangular pulse. (c) Biphasic, rectangular pulse with reduced amplitude, but increased width of charge…
