Fig. 9.1 Under anteroposterior (a) and lateral (b) fluoroscopic control, a 20-G RF needle with a 20-mm active tip is placed in the center of the intervertebral L4–L5 disc Fig….
Fig. 3.1 Some indirect sign of chronic spinal unit instability. Asymmetrical orientation of facet joint related to bone remodeling (a), fatty degeneration of the vertebral pedicles (b), abnormal paravertebral muscles…
1. A description of the symptoms should be provided in the child’s own words 2. Periodic limb movement disorder may develop before symptoms of RLS 3. The interviewer must be…
Fig. 7.1 Bedtime. Complaint: problems going to bed/problems falling to sleep Parent or caretaker reports the child has one or more of the following symptoms: Difficulty falling to sleep. Difficulty…
Fig. 4.1 Heath and colleagues [24] comparison of bright iPad screenlight (left) vs screen filtering short-wavelength light using the f.lux app (right; stereopsis.com) Taken together, the abovementioned studies suggest that…
AAP guidelines ERS guidelines In a child who snores and has signs or symptoms of OSA, clinicians should perform a more focused evaluation Step 1,2,3 – identification of a child…
Time of administration in children If used as chronobiotic, administer 2–3 h before dim light melatonin onset or administer melatonin 3–4 h before actual sleep-onset time Dosage Start with a…
Fig. 6.1 Quiet sleep and active sleep in a 3-month-old infant Indeterminate sleep is the period of sleep that cannot be polysomnographically defined as either active or quiet sleep by…
Fig. 2.1 Number of publications for each decade in PubMed with search word “sleep” limited to humans and all children (0–18 years) In Fig. 2.2 the total number of publications…
Infants and children should be put to bed wide awake Bedtime and wake time should remain as consistent as possible Naps should be timed early enough in the afternoon so…
