Genetics of Atypical Parkinsonism
Gene Transmission Age of onset (years) Major features in MRI brain DaTSCAN PARK-related parkinsonism PARK8 LRRK2 AD ~Mean 60–65 From normal to generalized atrophy Abnormal PARK9 (Kufor–Rakeb) ATP13A2 AR…
Genetic Choreas
Diagnosis Gene Location Protein product Mutation Useful tests Movement disorder Other neurological features Usual age of onset HD HD/IT15 4p15 Huntingtin Expanded CAG repeats – Chorea, dystonia, parkinsonism Ataxia, seizures…
Genetics of Mendelian Forms of Parkinson’s Disease
Fig. 1.1 Schematic representation of defined loci and genes for PD, including Mendelian genes and loci identified by association studies. The loci, gene symbols, and chromosomal position are indicated. EO-PD…
Genetics of Parkinson’s Disease
SNP ID Locus name Chromosome (bp) Odds ratio rs35749011 GBA/SYT11 1 (155,135,036) 1.824 rs114138760a GBA/SYT12 1 (154,898,185) 1.519 rs823118 RAB7L1/NUCKS1 1 (205,723,572) 1.122 rs10797576 SIPA1L2 1 (232,664,611) 1.131 rs6430538 ACMSD/TMEM163…
Intra-arterial Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Fig. 4.1 Evolution of IA therapy trials over time. More positive trials with newer devices and technology over time. Positive trials: Circles at the upper border, Negative trials: Circle at…
Secondary Prevention After Non-atherosclerotic Cerebral Vasculopathies
Direct blow to the head and neck Chiropractic neck manipulation Strangulation Atlanto-axial sublaxation Elongated styloid process Cervical spine fracture Basal skull fracture Excessive head banging Beauty parlor syndrome Labor and…
General Concepts: Stroke Mechanisms, Subtyping, and Workup
Fig. 8.1 An 83-year-old man without any vascular risk factors developed dysarthria and confusion. DWI showed multiple scattered infarcts in bilateral anterior and posterior circulations. MR angiography, electrocardiography and echocardiography…
Subclinical Vascular Brain Injury
Age decade Silent brain infarcts (%) Microbleeds (%) 40–49 1–5 2 50–59 3–8 2–3 60–69 8–15 5–18 70–79 12–20 8–31 80+ 20–35 10–38 Prevalence data are from community- and population-based…
Intravenous Thrombolysis and Anti-thrombotics
Fig. 3.1 Multimodal CT imaging of acute ischemic stroke patient presenting at 4 h of symptom onset, baseline non-contrast CT scan shows early changes of ischemia in the left insula…
Secondary Prevention After Cardioembolic Stroke
Fig. 12.1 Valve prostheses. Different prosthetic heart valves. Bioprosthetic valve (top left). Prosthetic bileaflet (top middle and bottom left). Ball in cage prosthesis (middle right). Annuloplasty ring (bottom right). By…
