von Helmholtz 15.1 Introduction The first step in evaluating a patient’s hemodynamics is, without doubt, the clinical assessment. Bedside observation of the patient’s general appearance, skin temperature, capillary refill, sensory…
Figure 66.1. Direct relationship between brain and blood glucose levels. Because glucose cannot freely enter the brain, it requires a transport system to cross the endothelial cells of the blood-brain…
Figure 35.1. Temporal epidural hematoma displaying the typical biconvex lens appearance. Figure 35.2. Frontal epidural hematoma in the hyperacute phase; note the hypodense areas inside the collection of blood typical…
Figure 16.1. An episode of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Figure 16.2. 36-year-old patient with traumatic brain injury and inferolateral ST-T depression without angiographically significant coronary lesions. 16.3 Paroxysmal Essential Hyper-…
Figure 83.1. Initial evaluation of headache in the Emergency Department. Modified from [10]. One thing to keep in mind is the patient’s age. Headache that starts after 50 years of…
Figure 17.1. Respiratory problems in brain-injured patients. Respiratory complications may produce secondary brain injury because of hypoxemia and hypoventilation, promoting vicious circles which jeopardize patient outcome. ALI = acute lung injury; ARDS = acute…
Figure 51.1. Non-contrast enhanced head CT obtained in a patient with SAH. Technique. The scan plane should be parallel to the hard palate. It should be noted that the…
Figure 76.1. Flow chart for the management of paraplegias. 76.2.2 Second Step: Are We Dealing With a Hyperacute, Acute or Subacute Injury? Hyperacute injuries manifest suddenly and evolve within a…
Figure 62.1. CT with contrast, showing hypodensity in the right cerebral peduncle and periventricular corona radiata with mild mass effect and patchy rim enhancement (A, C), as well as a…
Figure 81.1. Condensation in left lung base with pleural spill after cerebral tumor resection (Author’s personal archive). Atelectasis. Central respiratory depression, injury of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord, hypoventilation…
