10.1055/b-0034-85237 Strength measurements: Introduction Introduction 69 3.3.1 Isometric testing 1 Tergumed system/MedX 76 3.3.2 Isokinetic dynamometer 1 Biodex/Cybex/iSam 900 77 3.3.3 Isodynamic testing 1 Isostation B-200 device 78 3.3.4 Other…
10.1055/b-0034-85236 Neurological measurements: Composite scales ASIA / International Medical Society of Paraplegia (IMSOP) Description Contains five grades of impairment: Grade A—Complete Grade B—Incomplete: sensory but not motor function is preserved…
10.1055/b-0034-85235 Neurological measurements: Walking 10-meter walk test (10MWT) [1] Description Measure of time in seconds to walk 10 meters. Interpretation The greater the time, the greater the disability. Clinical relevance…
10.1055/b-0034-85234 Neurological measurements: Autonomic ASIA impairment scale—autonomic Description Muscle strength grading: 0—Total paralysis 1—Palpable or visible contraction 2—Active movement, full range of motion, gravity eliminated 3—Active movement, full range of…
10.1055/b-0034-85233 Neurological measurements: Tone and reflexes National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) myotactic reflex scale Description A measurement of deep tendon reflexes. A 5-point scale that ranges from…
10.1055/b-0034-85232 Neurological measurements: Sensory American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale—sensory Description Incorporates a summed score for all dermatomes using light touch and pin prick. Scored on a 0 (no…
10.1055/b-0034-85228 Range of motion: Cervical spine-specific Flexion/extension Description Active: Patient moves head forward (chin to chest) to measure flexion. Patient looks to the ceiling above to measure extension. A spatula…
10.1055/b-0034-85227 Range of motion: Types Visual estimation Description Measuring passive or active range of motion by visual estimation only, without a measuring device. Interpretation A qualitative assessment that is based…
10.1055/b-0034-85225 How the spine measurements are displayed in this book The purpose of this book is to provide the clinician or researcher with a user-friendly display of many of the…
10.1055/b-0034-85224 Methods for identifying and evaluating quality spine measurements In our previous two books, Spine Outcomes Measures and Instruments and Spine Classification and Severity Measures, the measures that we attempted…
