Abstract Reimbursement strategies for health care interventions vary across the world. In the case of neuromodulation interventions, the differences, not only concern reimbursement, but also which conditions neuromodulation interventions are…
Abstract This overview introduces the methodology, history, mechanisms, and applications of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). This includes tracing the historical origins of tDCS along related transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)…
Abstract Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) are two noninvasive brain stimulation techniques that use electrical currents to modulate brain activity and change behavior. tACS…
Abstract Building a neuromodulation practice is a challenge in this world of cost cutting and cost saving. But for physicians, dedicated to bringing access of this important therapy to their…
Abstract Researchers and companies developing new concepts in neuromodulation will, at some point, find themselves navigating the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory programs, whether during the conduct of…
Abstract The use of electricity for therapeutic purposes was first used almost 2000 years ago. Today, based on advancements in both electrophysiology and electromagnetic theory, numerous electromagnetic-based techniques and technologies…
Abstract Clinical trials in noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS), such as transcranial electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation, have been conducted over the past 15 years to evaluate their potential therapeutic…
Abstract While the evidence for many applications of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is preliminary, new noninvasive VNS devices have recently been developed and represent significant advancements in VNS therapy. A…
Abstract Muscle and fat cells, unlike nerve and immune cells, require insulin for the efficient uptake of circulating glucose. Prolonged inflammation and the expression of key cytokines have the effect…
Abstract Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cause significant morbidity and mortality despite significant advances in treatment. A large body of preclinical work has shown that vagus nerve…
