Abstract Spinal muscular atrophy is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder affecting muscle tone and function, primarily in children. Disease onset varies from in utero to adult, and its progression and severity…
Abstract The identification of disease-causing mutations has proven to be essential for our understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of human disorders. The identification of such genes can lead to…
Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease. ALS was first described in the medical literature in the mid-19th century, but despite its early recognition…
Abstract More than 30 years have already passed since the seminal article of Baker et al., in which a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulse over the motor cortex (MC) was successfully…
Abstract This chapter is devoted to the birth and growth of the neuromodulation industry and the maturation of commercial products that accompanied the industry’s development. We will first take a…
Abstract Fatigue and attention disorders are common in modern society and can cause significant difficulties in the lives of those afflicted. Increases in cognitive fatigue are typically characterized by a…
Abstract This chapter will focus on the perspectives of the leaders of several neuromodulation companies regarding the issues and barriers to starting their companies. Starting a company from an idea…
Abstract Reimbursement strategies for health care interventions vary across the world. In the case of neuromodulation interventions, the differences, not only concern reimbursement, but also which conditions neuromodulation interventions are…
Abstract This overview introduces the methodology, history, mechanisms, and applications of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). This includes tracing the historical origins of tDCS along related transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)…
Abstract Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) are two noninvasive brain stimulation techniques that use electrical currents to modulate brain activity and change behavior. tACS…
