Parasomnias
Somnambulism Sleep terrors (A) Ambulation occurs during sleep (B) Persistence of sleep, an altered state of consciousness or impaired judgment during ambulation demonstrated by at least one of the following:…
NEUROLOGY
Scoring of Sleep-Related Breathing Events
Fig. 25.1 Spontaneous switch from unstable to stable NREM sleep. 5-min polysomnogram snapshot of stage N2, showing the relatively abrupt switch from a state of respiratory event and arousals to a…
Study Design and Analysis in Sleep Medicine
Fig. 15.1 Overview of analytical approaches in clinical research Observational Studies The value of case reports has been the subject of considerable debate among clinical researchers. Primarily, this negative attitude comes…
Sleep and Memory Consolidation
Fig. 13.1 Memory systems and memory stages. a Memory systems. Human memory is most commonly divided into declarative forms, with further subdivisions into episodic and semantic, and nondeclarative forms, subdivided into…
Central Sleep Apnea, Hypoventilation Syndrome, and Sleep in High Altitude
(I) Physiologic central apneas 1. Sleep-onset central apneas 2. Post-arousal central apneas 3. Phasic REM sleep (II) Sleep-related disorders associated with normal nocturnal carbon dioxide (A) Central sleep apnea syndromes:…
Approach to the Patient with Sleep Complaints
Fig. 26.1 Overnight polysomnographic (PSG) recording in a patient with upper airway obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) showing recurrent episodes of mixed apneas (initial control followed by obstructive events) during stage…
Overview of Normal Sleep
Fig. 2.1 Waking up of the giant Kumbhakarna, brother of Ravana in the great Indian epic Ramayana (circa 1000 B.C.) by hitting him with weapons and clubs, and shouting in his…
Evolution of Sleep from Birth to Adolescence and Sleep Disorders in Children
Fig. 52.1 Obstructive apnea during REM sleep (60 s PSG epoch). The event is characterized by cessation of nasal/oral (N/O) and nasal pressure (NPRE) airflow with preserved respiratory effort (THOR and ABD)….
Evaluation and Management of RLS and PLMD
Fig. 40.1 Polysomnographic (PSG) recording showing periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) characterized by dystonic and dystonic–myoclonic electromyographic (EMG) bursts in left (LT) and right (RT) tibialis (TIBIA) and gastrocnemius (GAST)…
Neuroimaging in Normal and Abnormal Sleep
Fig. 21.1 Cerebral glucose metabolism (CGM) and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) during deep NREM sleep (first column), REM sleep (second column), and wakefulness (third column). Row a CGM quantified in…
