CONDITIONS ATTRIBUTED TO HUMAN IMMUNE DEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION A. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. 1. Epidemiology. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is the impaired cognition caused by HIV; and despite advances in the treatment of…
HIGH-GRADE GLIOMAS IN ADULTS A. Course of disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) stratifies “malignant” or “high-grade” gliomas (HGGs) into histologic grade 3 tumors (anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma)…
(Video 37.1). These include six or more café au lait spots (Fig. 37.1), two or more neurofibromas, café au lait freckles in the axillary or inguinal regions (Crowe sign) (Fig….
Adverse effects of anticholinergic medications include both peripheral antimuscarinic side effects (e.g., dry mouth, impaired visual accommodation, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, and impaired sweating) and central effects (e.g., sedation, dysphoria,…
13.1). (2) Motor evaluation. The motor functions of the trigeminal nerve are assessed by means of testing the muscles of mastication. By having a patient clench the jaw, the strength of…
FIGURE 8.1 Summary of important areas involved in human locomotion. Shaded areas are hypothesized to be important in the development of HLGDs. CPGs, central patterns generators; HLGD, high-level gait disorder; MLR,…
A. Structural causes Structural etiologies of altered mental status can be caused by trauma, anoxic-ischemic injury, hemorrhages, infarctions, neoplasms, and hydrocephalus. Trauma can result in hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic brain contusions or…
FIGURE 33.1 Factors that are associated with origination of a functional neurologic disorder. Predisposing factors are general factors in life that cause susceptibility. Precipitating factors trigger the onset of symptoms. Perpetuating…
(Video 10.1). As the term “relative” explicitly states, an RAPD refers to a defect in the pupillary reaction to light of one eye relative to the other, and therefore bilateral…
6. Dysphagia is rarely present in isolation when due to an underlying neurologic disease. Thus, changes in vision, speech, strength, coordination, and sensation should be explored. Speech changes are particularly useful…
