Approach to the Patient with Failed Back Syndrome Russ P. Nockels Michael W. Groff Although commonly used as a diagnostic term, failed back syndrome (FBS) is a misnomer. The term…

Approach to the Patient with Lower Extremity Pain, Paresthesias, and Entrapment Neuropathies Gregory Gruener Lower extremity pain and paresthesia are common symptoms of peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders. Diagnosing a…

Approach to the Patient with Upper Extremity Pain, Paresthesias, and Entrapment Neuropathies Mark A. Ross Upper extremity (UE) pain and paresthesias are common clinical complaints that often accompany reversible peripheral…

Approach to the Patient with Low Back Pain, Lumbosacral Radiculopathy, and Lumbar Stenosis Paul B. Nelson A. Acute low back pain. Back pain is extremely common. Most adults can remember…

Approach to the Patient with Neck Pain and/or Arm Pain Scott A. Shapiro I. TRAUMATIC NECK PAIN WITHOUT ARM PAIN A. Introduction. Trauma to the neck secondary to a motor…

Approach to the Patient with Chronic and Recurrent Headache David S. Lefkowitz Most chronic, recurrent headaches represent a benign headache syndrome; however, headache may also be a symptom of serious…

Approach to the Patient with Acute Headache David Lee Gordon Acute headache is a common chief complaint in the emergency department. Primary headache, such as migraine and cluster, is a…

Approach to the Patient with Dysarthria Sarah S. Kramer Michael J. Schneck José Biller Normal speech production involves the integration and coordination of five primary physiological subsystems: respiration, phonation, articulation,…

Approach to the Patient with Dysphagia Jeri A. Logemann Dysphagia is common after sudden-onset neurologic damage such as stroke, head injury, or spinal cord injury. Oropharyngeal swallowing problems are also…

Approach to the Patient with Hearing Loss Richard T. Miyamoto Marcia J. Hay-McCutcheon Hearing loss affects almost 17 in 1,000 children under the age of 18 and approximately 314 in…