The Internal Carotid Artery Key Points The extracranial and ophthalmic branches of the internal carotid artery exist in a state of actual or potential exchange with distal branches of the…

The Circle of Willis Key Point An understanding of the variant anatomy and flow dynamics of the Circle of Willis is crucial in many of the treatment decisions we make….

Aortic Arch Key Points The challenges posed by complex aortic anatomy demand specific considerations in choice of introducer catheters. It must be emphasized that catheter manipulation in atherosclerotic arches is…

Radiation Risks and Safety Key Points Radiation safety lies in the cultivation of good habits and consistent observation of commonsense precautions. The risk from radiation exposure during neurointerventional procedures is…

Embryology of the Cranial Circulation Key Point Embryologic development explains the many anatomic variants of the cerebrovascular circulation. A rudimentary description of the embryonic origins of the cranial vessels will…

Performing a Cerebral Arteriogram Key Points New fellows in our room are often nonplussed as to why we only have two CDs for our music system. One of these is…

Safety and Complications Key Points A methodical team-based and system-based approach to safety is becoming more established in the culture surrounding medical procedures. The recent reduction in the volume of…

Pediatric Neuroangiography: Technical Aspects Key Points Adults are big children, but children are not small adults. With modification of basic techniques, the risks of endovascular procedures in children should not…

Spinal Angiography: Technical Aspects Key Point The challenges of spinal angiography can be kept to a minimum by a methodical approach, careful expenditure of contrast, and a fastidious attention to…

History and Introduction Key Points Willis and Moniz lived in very inauspicious times and circumstances. Using only the most primitive of tools, both left monumental legacies to medicine through their…