Basal Ganglia and Brainstem Anatomy and Physiology Karen Gale Mark Proctor Jana Velíšková Astrid Nehlig Introduction Seizure activity does not spread diffusely throughout the brain, but propagates along specific anatomic…
Thalamocortical Anatomy and Physiology Hal Blumenfeld Douglas A. Coulter Introduction The thalamus and the thalamocortical system participate intimately in the generation of generalized seizures and probably are involved in the…
Limbic Anatomy and Physiology Dan C. McIntyre Philip A. Schwartzkroin Introduction The concept of a “limbic lobe” was first put forth by Broca27 as a means of labeling the various…
Neocortical Anatomy and Physiology Kristen A. Richardson Erika E. Fanselow Barry W. Connors Introduction The neocortex in humans is a sheet of gray matter, 2 to 3 mm thick, with…
Gene Expression Underlying Changes in Network Excitability Katarzyna Lukasiuk Raymond Dingledine Daniel H. Lowenstein Asla Pitkänen Introduction Remarkable progress in the fields of molecular biology and molecular genetics has added…
Neuromodulation of Seizures, Epileptogenesis, and Epilepsy Helen E. Scharfman Robert Schwarcz Introduction Epilepsy is a complex disease that is influenced by a large number of diverse variables. Some of these…
Astroglial Mechanisms in Epilepsy Christian Steinhäuser Philip G. Haydon Nihal C. de Lanerolle Introduction Currently available anticonvulsant drugs and complementary therapies are not sufficient to control seizures in about a…
Inflammation Annamaria Vezzani Jukka Peltola Damir Janigro Introduction Immune and inflammatory reactions have been described in the central nervous system (CNS) in various neurologic diseases, including epilepsy. In particular, several…
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Molecular Biology and Role of Mutations in Epilepsy Dimitri M. Kullmann Stephanie Schorge Introduction Voltage-gated ion channels have long been known to be central to the excitability…
GABAA and GABAB Receptor-Mediated Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission Robert L. MacDonald Istvan Mody Introduction The neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS)….
