Adult hypoxic and ischemic lesions
8 Adult hypoxic and ischemic lesions TERMINOLOGY Although ‘hypoxia’ (reduction in oxygen supply or impairment of its utilization) and ‘ischemia’ (reduction in blood supply) are often used interchangeably, and the…
NEUROLOGY
Neuroepithelial neoplasms displaying neuronal features
37 Neuroepithelial neoplasms displaying neuronal features Neoplastic cells with morphologic and/or immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons may occur in neuroepithelial neoplasms as: large neuron-like ‘ganglion’ cells small but well-differentiated neurocytes poorly…
Meningiomas
43 Meningiomas MENINGIOMAS Meningiomas arise from meningothelial (arachnoid) cells in the leptomeninges. These cells have both epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics, which are shown by meningiomas in a spectrum of diverse…
Vitamin deficiencies
21 Vitamin deficiencies Vitamin deficiencies are a significant cause of neurologic disease in developing countries and in certain high-risk groups in developed countries (i.e. chronic alcoholics, patients with gastrointestinal diseases,…
Neoplasms of the pineal gland
39 Neoplasms of the pineal gland Neoplasms discussed in this chapter are pineal parenchymal neoplasms, the papillary tumor of the pineal region, and primary central nervous system (CNS) germ cell…
Miscellaneous CNS neoplasms and cysts
45 Miscellaneous CNS neoplasms and cysts Diverse neoplasms covered in this chapter are: glial tumors of uncertain origin mesenchymal non-meningothelial neoplasms, including vasoformative neoplasms primary melanocytic neoplasms hemangioblastoma. In addition,…
Primary CNS lymphomas
41 Primary CNS lymphomas CNS lymphomas may be primary or secondary: Primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSLs) are extra-nodal lymphomas that are confined to the brain or spinal cord at presentation. Most…
Mitochondrial encephalopathies
24 Mitochondrial encephalopathies The mitochondrial genome is a circular molecule of DNA (mtDNA) comprising 16 569 base pairs. Each mitochondrion contains 2–10 copies of the genome, which encodes 22 transfer…
Hyperkinetic movement disorders
30 Hyperkinetic movement disorders Several clinical conditions are characterized by the presence of excessive uncontrolled movements and are grouped as hyperkinetic movement disorders. These are chorea and ballismus, myoclonus, and…
Disorders that primarily affect white matter
5 Disorders that primarily affect white matter Inherited metabolic disorders that primarily affect white matter are occasionally encountered in children, and even more rarely in adults. A wide range of…
