The Blood–Brain Barrier, Choroid Plexus, and Cerebrospinal Fluid The Blood–Brain Barrier Regulates the Interstitial Fluid in the Brain Distinctive Properties of the Endothelial Cells of Brain Capillaries Account for…
Spinal Reflexes Reflexes Are Adaptable to Particular Motor Tasks Spinal Reflexes Produce Coordinated Patterns of Muscle Contraction Cutaneous Reflexes Produce Complex Movements That Serve Protective and Postural Functions The…
Diseases of the Nerve and Motor Unit Disorders of the Peripheral Nerve, Neuromuscular Junction, and Muscle Can Be Distinguished Clinically A Variety of Diseases Target Motor Neurons and Peripheral…
Modulation of Synaptic Transmission: Second Messengers The Cyclic AMP Pathway Is the Best Understood Second Messenger Signaling Cascade Initiated by G Protein-Coupled Receptors The Second-Messenger Pathways Initiated by G…
Neurotransmitters A Chemical Messenger Must Meet Four Criteria to Be Considered a Neurotransmitter Only a Few Small-Molecule Substances Act as Transmitters Acetylcholine Biogenic Amine Transmitters Catecholamine Transmitters Serotonin Histamine…
Low-Level Visual Processing: The Retina The Photoreceptor Layer Samples the Visual Image Ocular Optics Limit the Quality of the Retinal Image There Are Two Types of Photoreceptors: Rods and…
Disorders of Mood and Anxiety The Most Common Disorders of Mood Are Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Disorder Unipolar Depression Often Begins Early in Life Bipolar Disorder Includes Episodes of…
Repairing the Damaged Brain Damage to Axons Affects Neurons and Neighboring Cells Axon Degeneration Is an Active Process Axotomy Leads to Reactive Responses in Nearby Cells Central Axons Regenerate…
Circulation of the Brain The Blood Supply of the Brain Can Be Divided into Arterial Territories The Cerebral Vessels Have Unique Physiological Responses A Stroke Is the Result of…
The Modulatory Functions of the Brain Stem Ascending Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Projections from the Brain Stem Maintain Arousal Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Neurons Share Many Properties and Functions Many Monoaminergic…
