16 SURGICAL APPROACH TO MOVEMENT DISORDERS HISTORY OF SURGERY FOR MOVEMENT DISORDERS       In the 1950s, Cooper first described ligation of the anterior choroidal artery for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease…

5 DYSTONIA “Dystonia is a neurologic syndrome characterized by involuntary, sustained, patterned, and often repetitive muscle contractions of opposing muscles causing twisting movements or abnormal postures. Partly because of its…

10 SLEEP-RELATED MOVEMENT DISORDERS Although most movement disorders typically disappear during sleep, some persist, and some even occur almost exclusively while the patient is asleep or falling asleep. Movement disorders…

6 CHOREA DEFINITIONS       Phenomenology: chorea, athetosis, and ballism generally represent a continuum of involuntary, hyperkinetic movement disorders.       Chorea consists of involuntary, continuous, abrupt, rapid, brief, unsustained, irregular movements that flow…

12 PSYCHIATRIC ISSUES IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE INTRODUCTION       Psychiatric complications associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are common. They represent a special challenge to the practitioner because many of the psychiatric syndromes…

17 PHYSICAL AND OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY Patients with movement disorders can develop motor, cognitive, and behavioral impairments that can lead to a loss of functional ability and independence in activities of…

9 TICS DEFINITION A tic is an involuntary movement or vocalization that is usually of sudden onset, brief, repetitive, and stereotyped, but nonrhythmic. Tics frequently imitate normal behavior, often occurring…

7 MYOCLONUS DESCRIPTION       Sudden, brief, shocklike, involuntary movements result from brief contractions (or lapse in contractions) of a muscle or group of muscles.1       When the movement results from a contraction…

8 ATAXIA Ataxia is characterized by “unsteadiness” or “clumsiness,” which can result from lesions at multiple levels of the neuraxis. Ataxic disorders affect primarily movement, coordination, gait, and balance, and…

13 PSYCHIATRIC ISSUES IN HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE INTRODUCTION       Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by impairments in movement, emotional regulation, and cognitive functioning.       Psychiatric disorders are a frequently encountered…