Neurophysiology
2 Neurophysiology General Cases General 1. How does magnesium prevent excitotoxicity in brain injury? Magnesium readily crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blocks various subtypes of calcium and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)…
NEUROSURGERY
Neuroradiology
Cranial 1. What is the characteristic angiographic appearance of vessels in fibromuscular disease (FMD)? FMD is an angiopathy that affects medium-sized arteries predominantly in young women of childbearing age. FMD…
Neuropharmacology
Neurotransmitters 1. What are the most important central nervous system (CNS) transmitters? Glutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin (5HT), and opioid peptides1 2. What is the mechanism…
9: CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
C H A P T E R 9 CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE I. STROKE A. Transient ischemic attack (TIA)—deficit lasts < 24 hours B. Reversible ischemic neurologic deficit (RIND)—deficit lasts < 1…
11: CONGENITAL AND PEDIATRIC LESIONS
C H A P T E R 11 CONGENITAL AND PEDIATRIC LESIONS I. ARACHNOID CYST—frequently associated with subdural hematomas A. Treatment—only if symptomatic 1. Craniotomy and fenestration into medial CSF…
13: PERIPHERAL NERVES
C H A P T E R 13 PERIPHERAL NERVES I. ANATOMY A. Dorsal scapular nerve—rhomboids and levator scapula B. Long thoracic nerve—serratus anterior C. Suprascapular nerve—supra- and infraspinatus D….
1: SPINAL ANATOMY AND APPROACHES
C H A P T E R 1 SPINAL ANATOMY AND APPROACHES I. SPINAL COLUMN ANATOMY A. Cervical—Should see smooth anterior spinous line, posterior spinous line, spinolaminar line, and spinous…
