C H A P T E R   2 SPINE TRAUMA   I. SPINAL SHOCK A. Loss of sympathetic tone and muscle paralysis cause venous pooling with hypotension (usually occur with injuries…

C H A P T E R   3 SPINAL DEGENERATIVE DISEASE   I. CLERVICAL DISK DISEASE A. Signs/Symptoms 1. Radiculopathy—neck and interscapular pain, radicular arm pain, numbness and paresthesias, a sensory…

C H A P T E R   6 CRANIAL ANATOMY AND APPROACHES   I. PTERION A. Junction of frontal, parietal, temporal, and greater wing of sphenoid bones B. Located two fingerbreadths…

C H A P T E R   8 BRAIN TUMORS   I. LOW-GRADE ASTROCYTOMA (WHO GRADE 1 OR 2) A. Treatment 1. Usually with surgery alone (curative if juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma)…

C H A P T E R   10 OTHER CRANIAL DISORDERS   I. HYDROCEPHALUS (HCP) A. Evaluation 1. Occipitofrontal circumference 2. Computed tomography/magnetic resonance (CT/MRI) 3. Pump shunt 4. Shunt series—anteroposterior…

C H A P T E R   15 NEUROLOGY   I. SEIZURE DISORDERS A. Evaluation—electrolytes (hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia), complete blood cell count (CBC), computed tomography (CT), lumbar puncture (LP), toxicology screen,…

C H A P T E R   4 SPINAL TUMORS   I. PRIMARY SPINAL TUMORS A. Ependymoma—the most frequent tumor in the lower spinal cord 1. Treatment—surgical resection; use intraoperative nerve…

C H A P T E R   14 CRITICAL CARE AND NEUROANESTHESIA   I. SHOCK A. Hypovolemic—usually a 30% decrease in blood volume before impaired organ perfusion B. Cardiogenic—due to impaired…

C H A P T E R   12 FUNCTIONAL AND PAIN NEUROSURGERY   I. PARKINSONISM A. Treatment 1. Thalamotomy—ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) to treat tremor 2. Pallidotomy—globus pallidus interna (GPi)…

C H A P T E R   5 OTHER SPINAL DISORDERS   I. SPINAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS (AVMS) A. Type I—dural artery to a spinal vein in a foramina 1. Most frequent…